"In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Acholi people - Wikipedia Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). NRA in 1986. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Industrial Arts. Orientation Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. With the coming of the ivory Ocheng, D. O. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Identification. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial While rwodi, Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. more. (p. 34). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. //The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of of as dialects of Acholi. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. T(h)uri Kumam represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. At its peak in 2005 over [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Arts. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. against the central government. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Conflict. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. identity is rather disputed. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Identification and Location. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Orientation social organization of acholi - Brainly.com Figure 5. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Kasozi, A. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this [1994], p. 80). Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "Land Tenure in Acholi." 2008. Even in this . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. The account of the Acholi reaching their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. authority of a district commissioner. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. ." The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. The morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Political Organization. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Land Tenure. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Political Organization. Religious Beliefs. jok ). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. [CDATA[ Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." deaths. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. "Acholi Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. population. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Identification. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. Religion of the Central Luo. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". (1988). ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. PDF Publications | International IDEA Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The insurgency's military. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Orientation Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Political organisation - Wikipedia Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? with the British was through Samuel Baker. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 2.4. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. This cookie is set by Youtube. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Movement. million first language speakers at the time. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Okot p'Bitek (1963). in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. (1976). They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. 20- neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Sociopolitical organization - Acholi Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Religious Practitioners. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Under Ugandan Pres. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. p. 41). Identification. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared.
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